If a citizen who has made a transaction was unaware of the consequences of his actions, but was not incapacitated or limited in this capacity, his relatives do not have the right to file a claim without the appropriate authority.
In such cases, a psychiatric examination may be required to assess his mental state and, if necessary, establish guardianship/trusteeship. This procedure is aimed at providing additional protection to persons who are unable to independently defend their interests.
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Deadlines for filing a lawsuit
The limitation period for voidable transactions numbers (south korean tv series) determines the period of time during which the party whose rights have been violated may apply to the court to protect its interests (see Article 195 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
For them, this period is one year from the moment when the party realized or should have learned about the existence of grounds for challenging the agreement. Timely appeal to the court allows you to avoid losing the right to protect it.
The expiration of the limitation period does not prevent the filing of a claim. The court has no right to refuse to protect rights, even if this period has expired, but the defendant does not object to this. When filing a claim, it is recommended to avoid mentioning the limitation period in order to avoid possible disagreements. This is important to consider when preparing documents and arguing your position in court.
If for some reason you have not filed a claim within a year, you can submit a petition to restore the missed limitation period (under Article 205 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
Courts often look favorably on such requests, especially if the situation is explainable based on objective circumstances. However, it is important to provide convincing evidence of the reasons for the omission to increase the chances of the request being granted.
Deadlines for filing a lawsuit
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The limitation period may not exceed 10 years from the date of violation of the right (see paragraph 2 of Article 195 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), provided that the person understood or should have known about the presence of deficiencies in the transaction. After the expiration of this period, it is not subject to restoration.
Knowing and observing these deadlines allows you to effectively protect your rights and minimize the risks of losing the right to judicial protection.
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Signs and grounds for recognizing voidable transactions as invalid
There are agreements that are invalid by their nature and cannot be "corrected" even by further agreement of the parties or recognition by the court. In such situations, an appeal to this body is necessary only for the application of the corresponding consequences of their invalidity.
The Civil Code lists cases when a transaction is considered void:
Violation of the requirements of the law or other legal act affecting public interests or the rights of third parties. For example, if a grandfather gave an apartment to his granddaughter and then sold it to another person. Such an agreement would be null and void, since the elderly man was no longer the owner of the property at the time of its sale.
A transaction whose purpose is clearly contrary to the principles of law and order or morality. This category is often used in cases where a person's actions have already been recognized as illegal by a court. Relevant in the situation of giving or receiving a bribe.
A fictitious transaction, i.e. one made without the real intention of creating the corresponding legal consequences. For example, a person under threat of enforcement proceedings sells his apartment to a relative in order to avoid confiscation.
A sham transaction that covers another one concluded under different conditions. For example, the owner of a car sells it for a significantly smaller amount than indicated in the contract to the traffic police in order to avoid certain obligations.
A transaction concluded by a person who has been declared incompetent due to mental disorder or who has not reached the age of 14. If it would have brought benefit to the incompetent person, his representative has the right to apply to the court to have it declared valid.
A transaction that is made in violation of a prohibition or restriction on the disposal of property established by law, including insolvency (bankruptcy) rules. For example, an asset is seized and the owner transfers it to a friend to avoid confiscation. This is another example of a contract of invalidity.
Amendments to the Consumer Protection Act came into force on September 1, 2022, which are aimed at strengthening the position of buyers when concluding transactions. The main changes concern the definition of contract terms as null and void if they infringe on the rights of these persons.
Conditions that give the seller the right to unilaterally refuse to fulfill an obligation or change the essential terms of the transaction, such as price, terms, or others agreed upon with the consumer, are now unacceptable.
The seller can no longer unreasonably cancel the transfer of goods or change their price after signing the contract, even if external factors, such as a change in the exchange rate, affected the price.